BBRC7_015.indd

Pharmaceutical

Communication

Biosci. Biotech. Res. Comm. 9(2): 273-288 (2016)

Recent update on the medicinal properties and use of

Aloe vera

in the treatment of various ailments

Gajendra Mahor

and Sharique A Ali*

Rajeev Gandhi National Fellow UGC New Delhi

Department of Zoology and Biotechnology, Sai a Science College, Bhopal- 462001, India

ABSTRACT

Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) an herb is widely used in Ayurvedic, Homoeopathic and Allopathic streams for its

marvelous medicinal properties. This plant is one of the richest natural sources of health for mammals including

human beings. The chemistry of the plant has revealed the presence of more than 200 different biologically active

substances, which include antimicrobial, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, activities of the nonvolatile constituents

of the leaf gel.Aloespecies are widely distributed in the African and the eastern European continents, and are spread

almost throughout the world. The genusAloehas more than 400 species but few, such asA.vera,Aloe ferox, andAloe

arborescens, are globally used for trade. Many biological properties associated with Aloe species are contributed

by inner gel of the leaves. anti diabetic, anti-in ammatory, peptic ulcers, antitumor, anticancer Properties, activity

effects on the Immune System, adverse reactions, Laxative effects, wound healing, antiseptic, vitamins, minerals,

enzymes, amino acids, stress, sugars. It is known to help slow down the appearance of wrinkles and actively repair

the damaged skin cells that cause the visible signs of aging. Aloe is a powerful detoxi er, antiseptic and tonic for the

nervous system. Aloe vera gel contains a large range of vitamins even vitamin B12, Vitamin A, contains B-Group

vitamins, Vitamin C, Vitamin E and folic acid. Aloe vera gel contains important ingredients including 19 of the 20

amino acids needed by the human body and seven of the eight essential ones that just cannot be made. The plant

leaves and inner gel contains numerous help it has potential to cure sunburns and minor cuts, and even skin cancer

and acts as also acts as extremely powerful laxative. Various parts of the plant have different effects on the body.

The present review is an attempt to highlight the proven research related botanical and pharmacological medicinal

properties of Aloe vera.

KEY WORDS:

ALOE VERA

; ANTIMICROBIAL; ANTICANCER; COSMETIC, THERAPEUTIC USES;

273

ARTICLE INFORMATION:

*Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Received 5

April, 2016

Accepted after revision 15

June, 2016

BBRC Print ISSN: 0974-6455

Online ISSN: 2321-4007

Thomson Reuters ISI SCI Indexed Journal

NAAS Journal Score : 3.48

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Online Contents Available at:

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274 RECENT UPDATE ON THE MEDICINAL PROPERTIES AND USE OF

ALOE VERA

BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

Gajendra Mahor and Sharique A Ali

INTRODUCTION

Aloe barbadensisMiller, commonly referred to asAloe

vera, is one of more than 400 species of Aloebelong-

ing to family Liliaceae that originated in South Africa,

but have been indigenous to dry subtropical and tropical

climates, including the southern USA, (Reynolds et al.,

1999). Aloe vera has been used for medicinal purposes

in several cultures for millennia: Greece, Egypt, India,

Mexico, Japan, and China, (Foster et al., 2011). There is

broad list of the therapeutic claims of different parts of

Aloe vera due to its Pharmacological activities which

are employed in traditional management of diverse vet-

erinary and human diseases, (Blumenhal et al., 1998).

The herb is used internally to combat most digestive

problems, including constipation, poor appetite, colitis,

irritable bowel syndrome as well as, asthma, diabetes,

immune system enhancement, peptic ulcers, (Brusick et

al., 1997; Mansour et al., 2013; Ezuruike et al., 2014;

Kavyashree et al., 2015; Pandey et al., 2016).

A. vera is a succulent plant. Succulents are xero-

phytes, Storage tissue has higher water holding capac-

ity ranging from 99–99.5% (Hamman et al., 2008)and

0.5–1.0% solid material has over 75 different potentially

active compounds including water and fat-soluble vita-

mins, minerals, enzymes, simple and complex polysac-

charides, phenolic compounds, and organic acids. Stud-

ies on the structural components of the A. vera plant

leaf portions, the rind was found to be 20–30% and the

pulp 70–80% of the whole leaf weight. on a dry weight

basis, the percentages of the rind and pulp represented

as lipids (2.7% and 4.2%) and that as proteins (6.3% and

7.3%) only accounted for a minor fraction, (Femenia

et al., 1999). However, the nonstarch polysaccharides

and lignin were found to be 62.3% and 57.6% of the

dry weight of the rind and pulp, respectively.A.veragel

polysaccharides consist of linear chains of glucose and

concentrated mannose molecules, there arrangement

linear chains ranging in size from a few to several thou-

sand molecules, (Hutter et al., 1996) is referred as poly-

mannans, (Ni Y et al., 2004; Davis et al., 2006; Chang et

al., 2011; Boonyagul et al., 2014; Aranda et al., 2016).

The major polysaccharide, acemannan, repeating

units of glucose and mannose in a 1:3 ratio, (Feme-

nia et al., 1999; Ni Y. et al., 2004; Chowet al., 2005).

molecular weights ranging from 30 kDa to 40 kDa.

Many investigators have endeavored to establish the

active principles in A. vera gel, (Habeeb et al., 2007).

polysaccharides found in the inner leaf parenchyma-

tous tissue or pulp contains proteins, lipids, amino acids,

vitamins, enzymes, inorganic compounds, with different

carbohydrates, (Hamman et al., 2008). Over 75 active

ingredients from the inner gel have been identi ed, to

have therapeutic effects. Different Aloe species would

have varying phytochemical contents due to interspecies

variation and varying climate and soil conditions, the

species ofAloeselected for commercial exploitation or

selected by the traditional healer, would be based on its

local availability and distribution. Biological activities

of a plant are due to synergistic action of the different

compounds together, (Avijgan et al., 2014; Esmaeilia et

al., 2015; Taukoorah et al., 2016).

In South Africa, the most widely distributed Aloespe-

cies areAloe greatheadiivar. davyana (Asphodelaceae)

and Aloe ferox Mill. (Asphodelaceae). A. greathea-

dii grows wild in the northern parts of South Africa,

whereasA.feroxgrows wild primarily in the Eastern and

Western Cape provinces. A.feroxcontains various com-

binations of glucose and galactose as main monosaccha-

rides, whileA.verayields only mannose.A.verais rich

in secondary metabolites. Anthraquinones (Aloe emo-

din), tricyclic aromatic quinines and chrysophanol are

the major secondary metabolites, (Tan et al., 2011; Xua

et al., 2016).

The tricyclic aromatic quinines of Aloewere synthe-

sized via the type III polyketide biosynthesis pathway.

Recently, novel these novel plant enzymes plant-speci c

type III polyketide synthases (PKS), octaketide syn-

thase, PKS4, and PKS5 were isolated from Aloe arbores-

censand their functions examined inE.coli, (Mizuuchi

et al., 2009). their fuction is associated with biosynthesis

of natural tricyclic aromatic quinines inAloe,Aloesin,

aloin and Aloe-emodin (oxidative product of aloin)

are the most important secondary metabolites found

inA.veragel. Many secondary metabolites reported to

have potent anti-in ammatory, lipid lowering, and anti-

oxidant activities, (Rajasekaran et al., 2006).

Aloe is used against skin irritation, skin exposure

to UV and gamma radiation, scalds, sunburn wounds,

eczema, psoriasis, acne, dermatitis, ulcers, to stimulate

cell regeneration. Plants have hypoglycemic, cytotoxic,

antiulcer, antidiabetic effects, antibacterial, antioxidant,

cardiovascular effect on human. Healing properties,

anti-in ammatory, antiviral and antitumor, moistur-

izing, anti-aging effect, antiseptic properties of plant

stimulates the immune system, only a few species

of Aloe have been considered for commercial impor-

tance, of which A. verais considered the most potent

and, thereby, the most popular plant in the research

 eld, (Surjushe et al., 2008; Davis et al., 2012; Mahari-

jan et al., 2015; Saito et al., 2016).

CHARACTERISTICS OF

ALOE VERA

PHYSICAL CLASSIFICATION

The leaf is long triangular sheaf with two external mem-

branes which are green and leathery. Inside this tough

BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS RECENT UPDATE ON THE MEDICINAL PROPERTIES AND USE OF

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275

Gajendra Mahor and Sharique A Ali

resistant covering is the gel, which presents itself as

a compact, gelatinous mass with a translucent pearly

aspect, (Vogler et al., 1999; et al., 2002; Ramachan-

dran et al., 2012; Poor). Leaf pulp having unpleasant

sensations was used to extract the juice by a decorti-

cations process. It contains some active compounds

which detoxi ed the body stimulating property worthy

of highlighting. The nutritional components of Aloe are

equally distributed between the pulp and the cortex of

the leaf, (Hatano et al., 2005).

BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION

The botanical genus of Aloe is Liliaceae, because it ger-

minates from an original bulb in the same way as lil-

ies. Tom Reynolds, a researcher from London, England,

coined a new classi cation. In assessing the speci ca-

tions and particular characteristics of the Aloe plant,

they inserted it into a new botanical family, that of the

Aloaceae. Aloe is a perennial evergreen shrub with suc-

culent leaves having  owers of an elongated tubular

form varying in color according to the species, from

orange to bright scarlet red, particularly spectacular and

reminiscent of an autumn landscape. The Aloaceae fam-

ily contains approximately three hundred and  fty vari-

eties of the plant throughout the planet.

In South Africa alone, in 1955, a total of 132 spe-

cies were catalogued The range spanned from the min-

iature type like Aloe aristata and Aloe brevifolia, to one

which can be de ned as the most beautiful in existence

in the world, the Aloe striata. Among the larger-sized

Aloes, and those having a cosmetic, curative value, we

can mention Aloe arborescens Miller, Aloe ferox, Aloe

Barbadensis Miller Vera, Aloe chinensis, (Kokate et al.,

2005). Aloe saponaria, and Aloe succotrine. A more

generalized botanical distinction is achieved by observ-

ing the trunk and leaves.

In this way, we can distinguish three large groups

of Aloe: acauleas (without a trunk), subcauleas (visible

trunk but with a reduced size), (Davis et al., 1994; Das

et al., 2015; Sayed et al., 2016).

CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION

Aloe vera is a unique plant which is a rich source of

many chemical compounds (Fig. I) and plays an impor-

tant role in the international market. Chemistry of the

plant revealed the presence of more than 200 different

biologically active substances including vitamins, min-

erals, enzymes, sugars, anthraquinones or phenolic com-

pounds, lignin, saponins, sterols, amino acids and sali-

cylic acid (Chauhan et al. 2007). Studies have found that

there are 75 ingredients contained in the Aloe leaf. These

ingredients have a variety of medical bene ts. They are

divided into the following categories, (Rodriguez et al.,

2005; Davis et al., 2006).

ANTHRAQUINONES

Twelve different types of anthraquinones are present in

the sap of Aloe Vera: Aloin, Isobarbaloin, Anthracene,

Emodin, Ester of Cinnamonic acid, Chrysophanic acid,

Barbaloin, Anthranol, Aloetic acid, Aloe Emodin, Ethe-

real oil and Resistannol. They act as natural laxatives,

painkillers and analgesics, and they contain powerful

antibacterial, antifungal and virucidal properties.

AMINO ACIDS

Amino Acids are the building blocks of protein, which

manufacture and repair muscle tissue. The human body

requires 22 amino acids and needs 8 essential ones. Aloe

Vera provides 20 of 22 required amino acids and 7 of 8

essential ones. These amino acids are.

ENZYMES

Enzymes are natural protein molecules with highly spe-

cialized catalytic functions in biochemical reactions

produced by all living organisms (microorganisms,

plants, animals, and human beings). Although like all

other proteins, enzymes are composed of amino acids,

they differ in function in that they have the unique abil-

ity to facilitate biochemical reactions without under-

going change themselves. Some of the most important

enzymes in Aloe Vera are: Peroxidase, Aliiase, Catalase,

Lipase, Cellulose, Carboxypeptidase, Amylase and Alka-

line Phosphates.

FIGURE 1. Aloe vera plant (Chatterjee et al.,

2013)

Gajendra Mahor and Sharique A Ali

276 RECENT UPDATE ON THE MEDICINAL PROPERTIES AND USE OF

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BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

FIGURE 2. Components of Aloe vera (Chauhan et al., 2007)

Table 1: Amount of amino acids in Aloe vera gel

(Mulu et al., 2015)

S. No. Amino acid Aloe vera

(whole leaves)

1 Tryptophane 0

2 Methionine 0.02

3 Histidine 0.03

4 Cystine 0.04

5 Tyrosine 0.06

6 Isoleucine 0.07

7 Phenylalanine 0.08

8 Leucine 0.09

9 Arginine 0.12

10 Lysine 0.18

11 Proine 0.25

12 Threonine 0.33

13 Valine 0.36

14 Glutamine 0.83

15 Alanine 0.91

16 Glycine 0.95

17 Serine 1.27

18 Aspartic acid 1.75

19 Asparagines 3.29

20 Glutamic acid 4.7

21 Total concentration

(nMol/mg dry mass)

15.33

VITAMINS

Aloe Vera contains numerous vitamins: Vitamins A, C, &

E (crucial antioxidants that combat dangerous free radi-

cals in the body). Vitamin B & Choline (concerned with

the production of energy, amino acid metabolism and

developing muscle mass). Vitamin B12 (responsible for

the production of red blood cells) and Folic acid (helps

develop new blood cells).

MINERALS

Aloe Vera contains the following minerals: Calcium:

(essential for proper bone and teeth density). Manga-

nese: (a component of enzymes necessary for the activa-

tion of other enzymes). Sodium: (ensures that the body

 uids do not become too acidic or too alkaline). Cop-

per: (enables iron to work as oxygen carriers in the red

blood cells). Magnesium: (used by nerves and muscle

membranes to help conduct electrical impulses). Potas-

sium: (regulates the acidic or alkaline levels of body

 uid). Zinc: (contributes to the metabolism of proteins,

carbohydrates and fats), Chromium: (necessary for the

proper function of insulin, which in turn controls the

sugar levels in the blood). Iron: (controls the transpor-

tation of oxygen around the body via the red blood

cells.

LIGNIN

This cellulose substance is found in the gel has no

known medical properties except it posses the property

of penetrating the human skin.

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SAPONINS

These form soapy lathers when mixed and agitated

with water. They have been used in detergents, foaming

agents and contain antiseptic properties.

SUGARS

Aloe Vera contains both monosaccharide, such as glu-

cose and fructose, and polysaccharides. Polysaccharides

are the most important types of sugars. They aid in

proper digestion, maintain cholesterol levels, improve

liver functions and promote the strengthening of

bones.

STEROLS

Sterols are important anti-in ammatory agents. The

ones found in Aloe Vera are: Cholesterol, Sitosterol,

Campesterol and Lupeol. These sterols contain antisep-

tic and analgesic properties. They also have pain killing

properties similar to aspirin.

THERAPEUTIC USES WITH

MECHANISM OF ACTION

WOUND HEALING

The wound healing property of Aloe vera gel has been

attributed to Mannose-6-phosphate used for  rst to sec-

ond degree burns, (Davis et al., 1994; Maenthaisong et

al., 2007).Wound healing is a dynamic process, occurring

in 3 phases. The  rst phase is in ammation, hyperaemia

and leukocyte in ltration. The second phase consists

of removal of dead tissue. The third phase of prolifera-

tion consists of epithelial regeneration and formation of

 brous tissue, (Reddy et al., 2011).

Glucomannan and plant growth hormone gibberellin

interacts with growth factor receptors of  brobroblast

and stimulate its activity and proliferation for increased

collagen synthesis in topical and oral administration

of Aloe, (Hayes et al., 1999). The Aloe gel has been

used for the treatment of radiation burns and radiation

ulcers, (Syed et al., 1997) and complete healing has been

observed in two radiation burns patients, (Yeh et al.,

2003).

The fresh gel was more effective than the cream,

(Visuthikosol et al., 1995) as Aloe gel treated lesions

healed faster (11.8 days) compared to burns treated with

petroleum jelly gauze (18.2 days) by Fulton, (Fulton et

al., 1990). The 27 patients with partial thickness burns

have been treated with Aloe gel in a placebo-controlled

study, (Montaner et al., 1996). The Aloe administra-

tion in uence collagen composition (more type III)

and increased collagen cross linking for wound con-

traction and improving breaking strength, (Reynolds

et al., 1999). It also increases synthesis of hyaluronic

acid and dermatan sulfate in the granulation tissue

of a healing wound, (Chithra et al., 1998 Joshy et al.,

2016).

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTION

In vitro and In vivo studies of Aloe vera gel in experi-

mental model shows the anti-in ammatory activity due

to bradykinase activity, (Che et al., 1991; Tyler et al.,

1994). The peptidase bradykinase was isolated from aloe

break down the bradykinin, an in ammatory substance

that induces pain, (Ito et al., 1993).

A novel anti-in ammatory compound, C-glucosyl

chromone, was isolated from gel extracts, (Haller et al.,

1990). Aloe vera inhibits the cyclo-oxygenase pathway

and reduces prostaglandin E2 production from arachi-

donic acid. Fresh Aloe vera gel signi cantly reduced

acute in ammation in rats (carrageenin-induced paw

oedema), but not in chronic in ammation, (Che et al.,

1991).

The aloe sterol includes campesterol, -sitosterol,

lupeol, and cholesterol which are anti-in ammatory in

nature, helps in reducing the in ammation pain and act

as a natural analgesic. Other aspirin like compound pre-

sent in Aloe is responsible for anti-in ammatory and

antimicrobial properties, (Sydiskis et al., 1991; Ferro et

al., 2003; Agarry et al., 2005). Even, Aloe vera extract

(5.0% leaf homogenate) decreased in ammation by 48%

in a rat adjuvant-induced arthritic in ammatory model,

(Hanley et al., 1982; Davis et al., 1991).

Three Aloe vera gel sterols were able to reduce

in ammation by up to 37%. Lupeol, the most active

antiin amatory sterol, reduced in ammation in a dose

dependent manner. The data suggest that speci c plant

Table 2: Percentage of Minerals in

Aloe Vera (Mulu et al., 2015)

S. No. Minerals

Aloe vera

(whole leave)

1 Iron 0.1

2 Phosphorous 0.02

3 Zinc 0.02

4 Copper 0.06

5 Magnesium 1.22

6 Calcium 3.58

7 Sodium 3.66

8 Potassium 4.06

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278 RECENT UPDATE ON THE MEDICINAL PROPERTIES AND USE OF

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sterols may also contribute to the anti-in ammatory

activity of gel, (Haller et al., 1990; Jensen et al., 2015).

EFFECTS ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

In a study on mice that had previously been implanted with

murine sarcoma cells, acemannan stimulates the synthe-

sis and release of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis

factor from macrophages in mice, which in turn initiated

an immune attack that resulted in necrosis and regres-

sion of the cancerous cells, (Peng et al., 1991). Alprogen

inhibit calcium in ux into mast cells, thereby inhibiting

the antigen-antibody-mediated release of histamine and

leukotriene from mast cells, (Hansel et al., 1994).

Several low-molecular-weight compounds are also

capable of inhibiting the release of reactive oxygen free

radicals from activated human neutrophils, (Hart et al.,

1990; Lee et al., 2001; Zanuzzo et al., 2015).

MOISTURIZING AND ANTI-AGING

Muco-polysaccharides of Aloe vera has Agent which help

in binding moisture into the skin. The amino acids also

soften hardened skin cells and zinc acts as an astringent

to tighten pores. Its moisturizing effects have also been

studied in treatment of dry skin associated with occupa-

tional exposure where Aloe vera gel gloves improved the

skin integrity, decrease appearance of acne wrinkle and

decrease erythema, (West et al., 2003).

The Aloe gel gives cooling effect and also acts as a

moisturizing agent. It also has role in gerontology and

rejuvenation of aging skin. This property of Aloe is

because it’s biogenic material. Aloe vera is used as skin

tonic in cosmetic industry, (Kaushik et al., 2016)

ANTITUMOR ACTIVITY

Glycoproteins present in Aloe vera gel have been

reported to have antitumor and antiulcer effects and

to increase proliferation of normal human dermal cells,

(Yagi et al., 1997; Choi et al., 2001; Yagi et al., 2003). In

recent studies, a polysaccharide fraction has shown to

inhibit the binding of benzopyrene to primary rat hepat-

ocytes, thereby pre- venting the formation of potentially

cancer-initiating benzopyrene DNA adducts. An induc-

tion of glutathione S-transferase and an inhibition of

the tumor-promoting effects of phorbol myristic acetate

has also been reported which suggest a possible bene t

of using aloe gel in cancer chemoprevention, (Kim et al.,

1997; 1999; Yonehara et al., 2015).

LAXATIVE EFFECTS

Anthraquinones present in latex are a potent laxative;

its stimulating mucus secretion, increase intestinal water

content and intestinal peristalsis, (Ishii et al., 1994). The

laxative effect of Aloe is not generally observed before 6

hours after oral administration, and sometimes not until

24 or more hours after. The Aloe effects are primarily

due to the 1, 8-dihydroxyanthracene glycosides, Aloin

A and B (formerly designated barbaloin) (Tyler et al.,

1988; 1994).

After oral administration Aloin A and B, which are

not absorbed in the upper intestine, are hydrolysed in

the colon by intestinal bacteria and then reduced to the

active metabolites (the main active metabolite is aloe-

emodin-9-anthrone), (Che et al., 1991), which like senna

acts as a stimulant and irritant to the gastrointestinal

tract. Aloe latex is known for its laxative properties,

(Reynolds et al., 1993 Haque et al., 2014).

MEDICINAL USES

Aloe vera is anthelmintic, aperients, carminative, deob-

struent, depurative, diuretic, stomachic and emmena-

gogue. Juice is used in skin care medicine, dyspepsia,

amenorrhea, burns, colic, hyperadenosis, hepatopathy,

splenopathy, constipation, span menorrhea, abdominal

tumors, dropsy carbuncles, sciatica, lumbago and  atu-

lence. It is used in ayurvedic formulations as appetite-

stimulant, purgative, emmenogogue and antihelmin-

thic, for treating cough, colds, piles, debility, dyspnoea,

asthma and jaundice, (Joseph et al., 2010).

Traditionally, Aloe vera gel is used both, topically

(treatment of wounds, minor burns, and skin irritations)

and internally to treat constipation, coughs, ulcers, dia-

betes, headaches, arthritis, immune-system de ciencies,

(Vogler et al., 1999; Eshun et al., 2004). The bioactive

compounds are used as astringent, haemostatic, anti-

diabetic, antiulcer, antiseptic, antibacterial, anti in am-

matory, antioxidant and anticancer agent also, effective

in treating stomach ailments, gastrointestinal problems,

skin diseases, constipation, radiation injury, wound heal-

ing, burns, dysentery, diarrhoea and in the treatment of

skin diseases, (Baker et al., 1975; Ali SA et al., 2012).

The Egyptians used the Aloe vera to make papyrus

like scrolls as well as for treatment of tuberculosis,

(Nadkerni et al., 1976). Nadkerni stated various prepa-

rations of Aloe barbadensis like confection, lotion and

juice, useful remedies for curing various diseases. Aloe

contains mixture of glucosides collectively called aloin

which is the active constituent of various drugs. Tradi-

tionally Aloe is extensively used in treating urine related

problems, pimples and ulcers etc. It is also used in ger-

ontology and rejuvenation of aging skin.

The juice of Aloe vera leaves is used as stomachic

tonic and purgative. Scienti c evidence for the cosmetic

and therapeutic effectiveness of Aloe vera is limited and

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279

when present is frequently contradictory, (Ernst et al.,

1998; Marshall et al., 2000). Despite this, the cosmetic

and alternative medicine industries regularly make

claims regarding the soothing, moisturizing, and healing

properties of Aloe vera, especially via internet advertis-

ing, (Kunkel et al., 1984; Boudreau et al., 2006, Sahu

et al., 2013, Figure 3).

COSMETIC & SKIN PROTECTION APPLICATION

Aloin and its gel are used as skin tonic against pimples.

Aloe vera is also used for soothing the skin, and keep-

ing the skin moist to help avoid  aky scalp and skin in

harsh and dry weather. The Aloe sugars are also used in

moisturizing preparations, (Barcroft et al., 2003). Mixed

with selected essential oils, it makes an excellent skin

smoothening moisturizer, sun block lotion plus a whole

range of beauty products.

Due to its soothing and cooling qualities, Aloe vera

extracts have antibacterial and antifungal activities,

which may help in the treatment of minor skin infec-

tions It reduces the production and release of skin

keratinocyte derived immunosuppressive cytokines such

as interleukin-10 (IL-10) and hence prevents UV-induced

suppression of delayed type hypersensitivity, (Byeon

et al., 1988).

Aloe vera gel has an antioxidant protein, metal-

lothionein, is generated in the skin, which scavenges

hydroxyl radicals and prevents suppression of superox-

ide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in the skin.

Skin burns effect is reported and radiation dermatitis,

(Shelton et al.,1991; Visuthikosol et al. 1995; Bosley et

al., 2003; Vastrad et al., 2015).

ANTISEPTIC

The antiseptic property of Aloe vera is due to presence of

six antiseptic agents namely lupeol, salicylic acid, urea

nitrogen, cinnamonic acid, phenols and sulphur. These

compounds have inhibitory action on fungi, bacteria

and viruses, (Zawahry et al., 1973; Qian et al., 2015;

Anjum et al., 2016).

ANTI DIABETIC

Reviewed the bene cial effects of selective medicinal plant

species such as Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Aloe vera,

Azadirachta indica, Gymnema sylvestre, Syzygium cumini

and Pterocarpus marsupium, and emphasize on the role

of active bio-molecules which possess anti-diabetic activ-

ity. The  ve phytosterols of A. vera, lophenol, 24-methyl-

lophenol, 24-ethyl-lophenol, cycloartanol and 24-methy-

lenecycloartanol showed anti-diabetic effects in type-2

diabetic mice, (Tanaka, et al., 2006; Noor et al., 2008).

Traditional anti-diabetic plants might provide new oral

anti-diabetic compounds, which can counter the high cost

and poor availability of the current medicines for many

rural populations in developing countries.

Extracts of Aloe gum increases glucose tolerance

in both normal and diabetic rats, (Awadi et al.,1987)

and Aloe vera sap taken for 4 - 14 weeks has shown

a signi cant hypoglycaemic effect both clinically and

experimentally, (Ghannam et al., 1986). The treatment of

diabetes mellitus has been attempted with various indig-

enous plants and polyherbal formulations, (Chaurasia

et al., 1994; Mitra et al., 1996). Aloe vera contains poly-

saccharides which increase the insulin level and show

FIGURE 3. Representing the medicinal utilities of Aloe vera (Sahu et al., 2013)

Gajendra Mahor and Sharique A Ali

280 RECENT UPDATE ON THE MEDICINAL PROPERTIES AND USE OF

ALOE VERA

BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

hypoglycemic properties, (Yagi et al., 2006; Epifanoa

et al., 2015; Muammar et al., 2016).

ANTICANCER PROPERTIES

Aloe vera juice enables the body to heal itself from can-

cer and also from the damage caused by radio and chem-

otherapy that destroys healthy immune cells crucial for

the recovery. Aloe vera emodin, an anthraquinone, has

the ability to suppress or inhibit the growth of malignant

cancer cells making it to have antineoplastic properties,

(Thomson et al., 1971). The role of Aloe in carcinogenic-

ity has not been evaluated well. The chronic abuse of

anthranoid-containing laxatives has been hypothesized

to play a role in colorectal cancer, and (Siegers et al.,

1992; 1993). Aloe vera tincture and melatonin admin-

istration was studied as standard therapy against meta-

static solid tumors, (Furukawa et al., 1991; Fenig et al.,

2004; Shalabia et al., 2015; Chouhan et al., 2016).

STRESS

Aloe vera is an excellent example of a functional food

that plays a signi cant role in protection from oxidative

stress, (Barcroft et al., 2003; Joseph et al., 2010). Aloe juice

is helpful in smooth functioning of the body machinery,

(Saroj et al., 2004). It reduces cell-damaging process dur-

ing stress condition and minimizes biochemical and phys-

iological changes in the body, (Foster et al., 1999).

Oxidative stress refers to chemical reactions in which

compounds have their oxidative state changed. Some

antioxidants are part of the body’s natural regulating

machinery while other dietary antioxidants are derived

from diet sources, (Kaithwasa et al., 2014; Zhou et al.,

2015; Cartera et al., 2016).

REDUCES INFLAMMATION

It improves joint  exibility and helps in the regenera-

tion of body cells. It strengthens joint muscles, which

therefore reduces pain and in ammation in weakened

or aged joints. (Sahgal et al., 2015; Susman et al., 2016)

INCREASES ENERGY LEVELS

Our diets include many substances which can cause

fatigue and exhaustion. Taken regularly, Aloe vera juice

ensures a greater feeling of well-being, allowing energy

levels to increase and also helps maintain a healthy

body weight, (Lad et al., 2013; Kumbhar et al., 2015;

Pani et al., 2016)

BUILDS IMMUNITY

It is especially great for those who have chronic immune

disorders like polysaccharides or  bromyalgia since

the polysaccharides in Aloe vera juice stimulate mac-

rophages, the white blood cells that  ght viruses, (Hart

et al., 1989; Turner et al., 2004; Algieri et al., 2015;

Shokri et al., 2016).

DETOXIFIES

Aloe vera juice is a great natural aid to detox. With our

stressful lives, the pollution around us and the junk

foods we eat, we all need to cleanse our systems from

time to time. Drinking Aloe vera juice provides a fan-

tastically rich cocktail of vitamins, minerals and trace

elements to help our bodies deal with these stresses and

strains every day, (Chaturved et al., 2007; Cellini et al.,

2014; Lee et al., 2015; Mehta et al., 2016)

ALOE VERA

PROTECTS ALUMINIUM INDUCED

CHANGES IN BRAIN ENZYME ACTIVITY

Aluminium sulphate has signi cantly altered the normal

levels of acetyl cholinesterase, sodium potassium ATPase

and glutathione of rat brain. The levels of brain enzymes

were found to be highly decreased in both the alumi-

uium treated groups. But in contrast to this, elevated

levels of acetyl cholinesterase, sodium potassium ATPase

and glutathione were noticed in aloin and aluminium

sulphate co treated groups, indicating the protective role

of aloin against aluminium sulphate toxicity, (Jakkala

and Ali 2015).

AMELIORATION OF HISTOPATHOLOGICAL

DAMAGES IN TESTIS OF ALBINO RATS BY ALOE

Aloin has been recently found to ameliorate the toxic

effects of aluminium sulphate, the histological structures

of the seminiferous tubules and their cell cytoplasm,

nuclei, nutritive cells, which were found to become near

normal by treatment of aloin for more than 30 days,

(Miraj et al., 2014; Jakkala and Ali 2016).

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

The Aloe extract was potent against three strains of

Mycobacterium (M. fortuitum, M. smeg- matis and

M. kansasii) and a strong anti-mycobacterial activity

against M. tuberculosis ss well as antibacterial activity

against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus and S. typhi.

Streptoccocus pyogenes and Streptococcus faecalis are

two microorganisms that have been inhibited by Aloe

vera gel. Glucomannan and acemannan have been

Gajendra Mahor and Sharique A Ali

BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS RECENT UPDATE ON THE MEDICINAL PROPERTIES AND USE OF

ALOE VERA

281

proved to accelerate wound healing, activating mac-

rophages, stimulating immune system as well antibac-

terial and antiviral effects, (Davis et al., 1987; 1988;

Kaufman et al., 1989; Visuthikosol et al., 1995; Djeraba

et al., 2000).

Aloe vera gel was bactericidal against Pseudomonas

aeruginosa and acemannan prevented it from adhering

to human lung epithelial cells in a monolayer culture, a

processed Aloe vera gel preparation inhibited the growth

of fungus Candida albicans, (Heggers et al., 1979; Stan-

ley et al., 2014; Kumar et al., 2015; Rezazadeh et al.,

2016).

ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY

Electron micrograph examination of anthro-quinone

treated herpes simplex virus demonstrated that the

envelopes were partially disrupted. Such results indicate

that anthraquinones extract from variety of plants are

directly virucidal to enveloped viruses.. The anthraqui-

none aloin also inactivates various enveloped viruses

such as herpes simplex, varicella zoster and in uenza,

(Sydiskis et al., 1991). Several ingredients in Aloe vera

gel have been shown to be effective antiviral agent. ace-

mannan reduced herpes simplex infection in two cul-

tured target cell lines, (Kemp et al., 1990).

Lectins, fractions of Aloe vera gel, directly inhibited

the cytomegalovirus proliferation in cell culture, per-

haps by interfering with protein synthesis. A puri ed

sample of aloe emodin was effective against infectiv-

ity of herpes simplex virus Type I and Type II and it

was capable of inactivating all of the viruses, including

varicella zoster virus, in uenza virus, and pseudorabies

virus, (Jia et al., 2008; Silvaa et al., 2014; Sadeghi et

al.,2015; Rezazadeh et al., 2016).

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY

Aloe vera was evaluated on the mycellium development

of Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum, and Colle-

totrichum coccodes, that showed an inhibitory effect of

the pulp of A. vera on F. Oxysporum, R. solani reduced

the rate of colony growth, (Cheesbrough et al.,1984;

Rodríguez et al.,2005), (Agarry et al., 2005). reported that

the Aloe gel inhibited the growth of Trichophyton men-

tagrophytes, while the leaf possesses inhibitory effects

on both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans.

In contrast, Aloe vera extracts failed to show antibiotic

proper ties against Xanthomonas species, (Satish et al.,

1999). The saponins perform strongly as anti-microbial

against bacteria, viruses, fungi and yeasts, (Joerger et

al., 2001; Peter et al., 2002; Moghadamtousi et al., 2014;

Shireen et al., 2015; Ahmed et al., 2016).

ADVERSE REACTIONS

Abdominal spasms and pain may occur after even a

single dose and overdose can lead to colicky abdomi-

nal spasms and pain, as well as the formation of thin,

watery stools. Chronic abuse of anthraquinone stimulant

laxatives can lead to hepatitis, (Beuers et al., 1991) and

electrolyte disturbances (hypokalaemia, hypocalcaemia),

metabolic acidosis, malabsorption, weight loss, albumi-

nuria, and haematuria, (Godding et al., 1976; Muller et

al., 1993).

Secondary aldosteronism may occur owing to renal

tubular damage after aggravated use. Weakness and

orthostatic hypotension may be exacerbated in elderly

patients when stimulant laxatives are repeatedly used,

(Rockville et al., 1992). Steatorrhoea and protein-losing

gastroenteropathy with hypoalbuminaemia have also

been observed, as have excessive excretion of calcium

in the stools and osteomalacia of the vertebral column,

(Heizer et al., 1968; Ernst et al., 2000; Hajheydari et al.,

2014; Miroddi et al., 2015; et al., 2016).

SIDE EFFECTS

TOPICAL

It may cause redness, burning, stinging sensation and

rarely generalized dermatitis in sensitive individuals.

Allergic reactions are mostly due to anthraquinones,

such as aloin and barbaloin. It is best to apply it to a

small area  rst to test for possible allergic reaction,

(Davis et al., 1989; Heggers et al., 1995; Dhikav et al.,

2002; Sharma et al., 2014; Ahluwaliaa et al.,2016).

ORAL

Abdominal cramps, diarrhoea, red urine, hepatitis,

dependency or worsening of constipation. Prolonged

use has been reported to increase the risk of colorectal

cancer. Laxative effect may cause electrolyte imbalances

(low potassium levels), (Chinnusamy et al., 2009; Sala-

zar et al., 2010; Sundarkar et al., 2011; Kareman et al.,

2013; Akev et al., 2015; Ahmada et al.,2016).

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ASPECTS

In recent years, ethnobotanical and traditional uses of

natural compounds, especially of plant origin received

much attention as they are well tested for their ef cacy

and generally believed to be safe for human use. They

obviously deserve scrutiny on modern scienti c lines

such as physiochemical characterization, biological

Gajendra Mahor and Sharique A Ali

282 RECENT UPDATE ON THE MEDICINAL PROPERTIES AND USE OF

ALOE VERA

BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

evaluation, toxicity studies, investigation of molecular

mechanism of action of isolated phytoprinciple and their

clinical trials. These are necessary classical approaches

in search of new lead molecule for management of vari-

ous diseases.

Many Indian herbs are being used in traditional prac-

tices to cure various human ailments. Aloe vera, has an

important place among such wound healing medicinal

plants, it can also be used in treating in ammation,

pain, ulcer and antihyperglycaemic agent. Furthermore,

in future study, the isolated principles from Aloe vera

needs to be evaluated in scienti c manner using various

innovative experimental models and clinical trials to

understand its mechanism of action, in search of other

active constituents, so that its other therapeutic uses can

be widely explored.

Aloe vera is a medicinal plant and due to its exten-

sive medicinal, nutraceutical and other uses it’s enjoy a

great demand in the market across the globe. The major

markets for Aloe vera and its extracts are Australia, US

and the entire Europe. Given the exponentially grow-

ing demand for it in the international market, Aloe vera

presents the  nest commercial opportunity among the

various medicinal plants. India is among the few coun-

tries gifted with the unique geographical features essen-

tial for cultivation of Aloe vera and other high potential

medicinal plants.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Authors are thankful to UGC, New Delhi for providing

 nancial support for research work. We are also thank-

ful to Principal and Secretary, Sai a Science College,

Bhopal for providing necessary facilities and support.

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