14
MHz At 32 bits and 33 MHz, a PCI bus has a maximum data rate of 132 MBps.Sockets, slots,
for PCI cards are shorter than those for ISA plug-in cards.
23. Distinguish PCI and PCI-X bus.(Remembering)
PCI supports 33MHz, 66MHz clock speeds and operates in 64/32bit mode. PCI supports 5V
as well as 3.3 volt signaling.PCI-X supports 66MHz, 133MHz, 266MHz, and 533MHz clock
speeds and is 64-bits wide. PCI-X 66MHz, 133MHz, 266MHz and 533MHz clock speeds
provide the following throughput respectively: 4Gbit/sec, 8Gbit/sec, 17Gbit/sec, 34Gbit/sec.
24. What is ARM bus? (Remembering)
The Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) was introduced by ARM Ltd in
1996 and used as the on-chip bus in system-on-a-chip (SoC) designs. The first AMBA buses
were Advanced System Bus (ASB) and Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB).
25. What is device driver? (Remembering)
In computing, a device driver or software driver is a computer program allowing higher-
level computer programs to interact with a hardware device.
26. What do you mean by bus Arbitration? (Remembering)
In single bus architecture when more than one device requests the bus, a controller
called bus Arbiter decides who gets the bus, this is called the bus arbitration. Arbitration is
mostly done in favour of a master microprocessor with the highest priority.
27. Give the summary of I/O devices used in embedded system.(Remembering)
Program, data and stack memories occupy the same memory space. The total
addressable memory size is 64 KB. Program memory program can be located anywhere in
memory. Jump, branch and call instructions use 16bit addresses, i.e. they can be used to
jump/branch anywhere within 64 KB. All jump/branch instructions use absolute addressing.
Data memory the processor always uses 16bit addresses so that data can be placed anywhere.
Stack memory is limited only by the size of memory. Stack grows downward. First 64 bytes in
a zero memory page should be reserved for vectors used by RST instructions. I/O ports 256
Input ports 256Output ports Registers Accumulator or A register is an 8bit register used for
arithmetic, logic, I/O and load/store operations.
28. What is Protocol? (Remembering)
A protocol is a set of rules that governs data communication; the key elements of a
protocol are syntax, semantics, and timing.
29. What is HTTP? (Remembering)
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a protocol used mainly to access data on
the World Wide Web
.
The protocol transfers data in the form of plain text, hyper text, audio,
video and so on
.
30. What is UDP? (Remembering)
The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core members of the Internet
protocol.UDP uses a simple connectionless transmission model with a minimum of protocol
mechanism. It has no handshaking dialogues, and thus exposes any unreliability of the
underlying network protocol to the user's program. There is no guarantee of delivery,
ordering, or duplicate protection. UDP provides checksums for data integrity, and port
numbers for addressing different functions at the source and destination of the datagram.