2008
Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems- 3E" , Raj Kamal,
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
1
Chapter 1 Lesson 2:
PROCESSORS IN
EMBEDDED SYSTEM
2008
Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems- 3E" , Raj Kamal,
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
2
Hardware units in the Embedded
Systems
2008
Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems- 3E" , Raj Kamal,
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
3
Typical Embedded System Hardware
units
2008
Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems- 3E" , Raj Kamal,
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
4
Processor
Program Flow and data path Control Unit
(CU) —includes a fetch unit for fetching
instructions from the memory
Includes Execution Unit (EU) — the
circuits for arithmetic and logical unit
(ALU), and
2008
Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems- 3E" , Raj Kamal,
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
5
Processor
Includes circuits for instructions for a
program control task, say, data
transfer instructions, halt, interrupt,
or jump to another set of instructions
or call to another routine or sleep or
reset
2008
Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems- 3E" , Raj Kamal,
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
6
System designer considerations
• Maximum bits in operand (8 or 16 or 32)
in a single arithmetic or logical operation.
• Internal and External bus-widths in the
data-path
• Processor Instructions in the Instruction
set
• Processor ability to solve the complex
algorithms used in meeting the deadlines
2008
Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems- 3E" , Raj Kamal,
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
7
System designer considerations
Clock frequency in MHz and processing
speed –
• Million Instructions Per Second (MIPS)
or
• Million Floating Point Instructions Per
Second (MFLOPS) or
• Dhrystone– an alternate metric for
measuring processing performance. Refer
Section 2.6
2008
Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems- 3E" , Raj Kamal,
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
8
1. General purpose microprocessor
For example,
Intel® 80x86,
Intel® i3 401 OU,
ARM 7 or ARM 9, ARM 11,
2008
Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems- 3E" , Raj Kamal,
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
9
2. Microcontroller
• Application Specific Instruction-Set
Processor (ASIP) from Intel,
ATMEL, Hitachi, TI, Philips and
ARM,
For example, an Intel® — MCS51, Philips®
51XA, 51MX, or
ATMEL AT 89C51
2008
Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems- 3E" , Raj Kamal,
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
10
Commonly used exemplary
microcontrollers in small scale embedded
systems
Small Scale Embedded System 8/16-
bit Microcontroller
8051
family
PIC16F8X
family
Hitachi
H8
AT89C51
2008
Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems- 3E" , Raj Kamal,
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
11
Commonly used exemplary
microcontrollers in medium scale
embedded systems
Medium Scale Embedded System
16-bit Microcontroller
8051MX PIC
16F876,
PIC18
2008
Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems- 3E" , Raj Kamal,
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
12
Commonly used exemplary
microcontrollers in large-scale embedded
systems
Large Scale Embedded System 32-bit
Microcontroller
ARM family Cortex-M15, Atmel AT91 series,
ST10 series, Philips LPC 2000 series, Texas
Instrument C16x and TMS470R1B1M,
Samsung S3C44B0X
2008
Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems- 3E" , Raj Kamal,
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
13
Subunits in a Microcontroller
2008
Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems- 3E" , Raj Kamal,
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
14
Other Application Specific
Instruction-Set Processor (ASIP)
• DSP or
• Media processor or
• IO processor or
• Network processor or
• Domain specific processor
2008
Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems- 3E" , Raj Kamal,
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
15
DSP
Typically a
• Texas Instruments- C28x
Series, C54xx or C64xx or
• Analog Devices SHARC or
TigerSHARC,
• Motorola 5600xx
2008
Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems- 3E" , Raj Kamal,
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
16
Media processor
TI DSP TMS320DM310 or Trimedia
Phillips Media Processor 1x00
series for Processing Streaming and
Data Networks and Image, Video
and Speech: PNX 1300, PNX 1500
(2002)
2008
Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems- 3E" , Raj Kamal,
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
17
3. GPP or ASIP core (s)
• GPP or ASIP Integrated into either an
Application Specific Integrated
Circuit (ASIC), or a Very Large Scale
Integrated Circuit (VLSI) circuit or a
FPGA core integrated with processor
unit(s) in a VLSI (ASIC) chip
2008
Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems- 3E" , Raj Kamal,
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
18
4. Application Specific System
Processor (ASSP)
Typically a set top box processor
or mpeg video-processor or
network application processor
or mobile application processor
2008
Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems- 3E" , Raj Kamal,
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
19
5. Single purpose processor or
Application Specific Instruction
processor
• Floating point Coprocessor
• CCD Pixel coprocessor and image
codec in digital camera
• Graphic processor Intel® 4400
• Speech processor
• Adaptive filtering processor
2008
Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems- 3E" , Raj Kamal,
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
20
• Encryption engine
• Decryption engine
• Communication protocol stack
processor
• Java accelerator
2008
Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems- 3E" , Raj Kamal,
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
21
Use of Accelerator Cores:
Examples
• Java Accelerator Nazonin
Communications Java codes run 15 to
60 Times fast,
• Video Accelerator for fast Video
processing
2008
Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems- 3E" , Raj Kamal,
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
22
6. Multi core processors or
multiprocessor system using
GPPs
Examples
• Multiprocessor system for Real time
performance in a video-conference
system,
• Embedded firewall cum router,
• High-end cell phone, …
2008
Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems- 3E" , Raj Kamal,
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
23
Summary
We learnt
• (i) overview of hardware units,
• (ii) Processor (s) used in the
systems: general purpose
processor, ASIPs
(microcontroller, DSP, Media
processor, ..), single purpose
processor and multi-processor, …
2008
Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems- 3E" , Raj Kamal,
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education
24
End of Lesson 2
